TEOFILO
KISANJI UNIVERSITY
(TEKU)
“TRAINING FOR BETTER LIFE”
TPS 401: RESEARCH METHODS IN
PSYCHOLOGY.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
“THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY
SCHOOLS”.
A
CASE STUDY OF BALOHA SECONDARY SCHOOL IN KAHAMA-SHINYANGA.
SUBMISSION:
30/APRIL/2014.
TABLE OF
CONTENT
SUMMARY
OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL………………………………………….1
1.1.Purpose of the Research Proposal…………………………………...…………………1
1.2.Title Page……………………………………………………………………………….1
1.3.Chapter One: Introduction Summary..................………………………………………1
1.4.Statement of Purpose……………………………………………………………….…..1
1.5.Background………………………………………………………………………..……1
1.6.Problems……………………………………………………………………..………….2
1.7.Significance……………………………………………………………….………….....2
1.8.Chapter Two: Literature Review Summary…………………………………..…………2
1.9.Chapter Three: Methodologies summary……………………………………..…………2
1.10.
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….….2
Importance
of Research Proposal……………………………………………………….…….3
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION.
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………5
2.1. Background
of the Problem……………………………………………………….………………...5
2.2. Statement of
the Problem……………………………………………………………………………5
2.3.Research
Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………6
2.3.1.
General Objectives………………………………………………..…………………………….6
2.3.2.
Specific Objectives………………………………………………..…………………………….6
2.4.Research
Questions………………………………………………………………………………….7
2.5.Significance
of the Study…………………………………………………...…………………….….7
2.6.The
scope of the Study………………………………………………………..……………………..7
2.7.Limitation
of the Study………………………………………………………….…………………..7
2.8.Theoretical
frame work…………………………………………………………….………………..7
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE
REVIEW.
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….……8
3.0. Causes of Teens to engage in Drugs Abuse……………………………………………………….8
3.1. Effects of
Drug Abuse in the Academic performance……………………………………….…….9
3.2. Possible
solutions against the Drug abuse…………………………………………………………10
3.3. Synthesis of
the literature review…………………………………………………………..………11
3.4. Knowledge
gap…………………………………………………………………………….………11
CHAPTER THREE:
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGIES.
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….………….12
4.0. Research
design…………………………………………………………………………………….12
4.1. Area of the
study……………………………………………………………………………………12
4.2. Population
of the study…………………………………………………………………….……….13
4.3. Sampling
techniques………………………………………………………………………..………13
4.4. Sampling
size…………………………………………………………………………….…………13
4.5. Methods of
the Data collection………………………………………………………..……………13
4.6.1. Questionnaires
……………………………………………………………………………………13
4.6.2.
Interview……………………………………………………………………………………..……13
4.6.3. Observation
………………………………………………………………………………………13
4.6.4. Focus
Group discussion………………………………………………………………………..…14
4.7. Data
analysis Techniques…………………………………………………………………...………14
REFFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………15
THE SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL.
Research Proposal is the plan or description that has
to be followed by the researcher in the conduction of the research or the
proposed requirements.
Each discipline and granting agency has its own
guidelines for writing research proposals, so be sure to consult your professor
or advisor as well as any specific guidelines you have received. It is also
helpful to locate sample proposals in your discipline or from the agency to
which you are applying.
1.1. The purpose of the research
proposal: The research proposal is your chance to explain the significance
of your project to organizations that might wish to fund or otherwise support
it. Ideally, it will demonstrate the quality and importance of your project as
well as your ability to conduct the proposed research. The proposal also gives
you the opportunity to think through your research project, to refine your
focus, and to predict any challenges that may arise. It may be helpful to
consult your proposal at various stages in your research process to remind
yourself of your focus and to chart how your project has progressed.
The explained below are the summary of the research
proposal or component of the research proposal;
1.2. TITLE PAGE: THE EFFECTS OF DRUG
ABUSE IN ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOL as a working title, which
may or may not change.
1.3. CHAPTER ONE: This chapter tries to explain what
should be done to conduct the research proposal by analyzing the following,
1.4. STATEMENT OF
PURPOSE: Explain
what you hope your research will find or show. State your research question or
a series of research questions that you hope to answer.
1.5. BACKGROUND: Explain your interest in an
experience with this topic. Describe any previous research you have conducted
on this or related topics, any classes you have taken on this or related topics
or any reading you have done in the field. If you have personal experience that
has led to you want to do more research, describe that here.
1.6. PROBLEMS: Describe problems you expect to
encounter and how you hope to solve them. For example, texts might be
unavailable, necessitating travel to other libraries or use of inter-library
loan facilities; the time frame may limit the amount of research or the quality
or specificity of research you are able to do; people you had hoped to
interview might be unavailable or unwilling to participate. Try to anticipate
every major problem and make contingency plans so that the project doesn’t become
derailed
1.7. SIGNIFICANCE: Explain why this topic is worth
considering or why this question or series of questions is worth answering.
What do you hope to learn from it? How or what will you contribute to the field
of knowledge that exists on this topic? What new perspective will you bring?
What use might your final pa-per be for others in the field or in the general
public? With whom might you share your findings once the project is complete?
1.8.
CHAPTER TWO: THE LITRETURE REVIEW.
This means due to our
research proposal we have consulted different books that are relevant to our
topic. We have observed the following what other scholars said?, what scholar
discovered and not discovered? And the quality of the research.
1.9. CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGIES:
Describe the kind of
research you will conduct this project (library research, internet re-search,
interviews, observations, ethnographies, etc.). Explain how you will conduct
your research in as much detail as possible. If you will consult other sources
(such as a statistician, an ethnographer, or a librarian) explain what role
they will serve and how you hope they will enhance your development of an
appropriate methodology for this project. Discuss the kinds of sources you hope
to consult and the methods you will use to extract and process the information
you gather in as much detail as possible. Once the project is underway, you
might find you need to revise your methodology or adopt new methods of
gathering and processing data.
2.0. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Make a
list of texts you plan to consult. You may modify this list as you conduct your
research.
The following are
importance of the research proposal;
It provides guideline
to the researcher for adopting the systematic approach towards the solution of
the problem. This means the research proposal try to show how the way and
propose the direct campus of how the problem is to be solved to reach the
exactly solution of the problem. This is because it implies the scientific
methods of research findings.
It provides the basis
for evaluation of the proposal by the researcher. It makes the awareness to the
researcher of the problem and difficulties he or she will face in his or her
study. Research proposal prepares the researcher to be ready for the problems
or difficulties that can be encounter during the conduction of the study like
financial shortage.
It restores
confidence of the researcher about the feasibility and worth of his or her
investigation. Due to the preparation of the research proposal, a researcher
gain confidence and wisdom that is supposed to be done during the conduction of
the research, example following the systematic procedures and observing the
roles of the respondents by making the effectiveness of the good implication of
the questions hence good restore of the confidence.
It stimulates the
researcher and moves him to the goals of completing his project. This due to
the fact that, research proposal provides the direction when stepping towards
the research conduction. A research proposal directs the researcher to conduct
the research effectively by following the proposed goals and chapters like
Introduction, Literature Review and Methodologies.
It helps to the whole
process of the data collection. The process of Data collection depends on the
plan of the researcher, the process of data collection may take the form of
Interview, Experiments, Observation recording or may take a form distributing
and collecting questionnaires.
It helps to the
formation of research objectives, objectives are the goals that an individual
set out to attain in the study. Objectives informs about the intentions of
taking through the study.
It works as the frame
work of the research process. In order to conduct research or collecting data
must have the framework which provides a sample of what are going to be
collected.
It helps to improve
methodologies through literature review, informs about versus about procedures
and methods which were used in a similar study.
It helps to avoid
unnecessary duplication, that is to say, it gives the researcher different
reviews, help to select important information which help to find a research
gap.
It helps to bring
clarity and focus to research problem. This is because it helps an individual
to understand between the research problem and body of knowledge in the area of
interest.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION.
This chapter consisted of the
background of the research problem, statement of the study, the scope of the
study and limitation of the problem.
2.1.Background of the Research Problem.
Drug abuse among teens is the great
problem that has speeded all over the world. In Jamaica, the use of drugs abuse
by teenagers has more increased over the decades in studying the drug usage
patterns of Jamaican teens discovered that while usage was not dependent on
sex.
In 1989, 78 percent of teens males
and percent of teen female were using one of the four drugs (alcohol,
marijuana, cocaine and tobacco) between 1994 and 1995; it indicates that 60
percent of the teens have tried one or more drugs including marijuana while 1.3
percent has used cocaine. These alarming levels of reported drug abuse
continued to grow as in 2006, one(1) in every three (3) students in secondary schools admitted to use the hashish
while one (1) of the ten (10) students admitted to currently using drugs.
(Gleaner , 2010),(Alexander. Et al
2001).
In Tanzania also the problem has
speeded at large percents whereby the Students from secondary schools has noted
that are taking drug abuse. It seemed to be there the relationship between the
drug abuse and the academic performance, but most of them are negative
relationship between the use of drug and academic performance is instinctively
appealing and to some extent this kind of relationship has been proven, has
established that drug abuse could result from many variables, with poor
academic performance being key variable in explaining students’ initial and
continued abuse of drugs. There is still no consensus in the literature
concerning the existence of a causal link between consumption of addicted
substances and educational outcomes. On the one hand, some studies provide
evidence that, heavy drinking and drug consumption lead to a lower schooling of
the academic performance.
De simone, find that by introducing a
large Vector of covariates which control the heterogeneity between alcohol
consumers and non consumers, the negative causal relationship between alcohol
user and academic performance remains significantly for the heavy drinking.
(Cook., et al 1993).
Also the problem has been seen in the
region of Shinyanga where by substances consumption on Educational outcomes is
the fact that students who regularly consume alcohol and drugs do not
constitute a random sample of the population of the students. They tend to
present some characteristics that are systematically differing from those of
students who abstain from drug alcohol consumption. For instance, this behavior
is negatively associated with family income and Educational background. In
Baloha Secondary school in Kahama town the same issue persist adolescents who
abuse drugs often act out do poorly academically and drop out of school
performance of the students. They at risk of unplanned pregnancies, violence
and Infectious diseases.
2.2.Statement of the Problem.
Drug abuse among the teens and school
students seem to have detrimental effect on academic performance. Youth are
more susceptible to the short and long term cognitive effect of drug abuse
while the social and emotional repercussions further increase risk factor for
problem in school. It is important for the parents and students to learn the
risk of the drug use and take action as soon as concerns are raised to avoid
serious problems in school. This problem has become in the issue of Kahama
Town, baloha secondary school as a case study. Hence the study wants to
investigate its effect on academic performance.
2.3. Research Objectives:
2.3.1. General Objectives:
To find out the effects of drug abuse
on academic performance in secondary school in kahama Town.
2.3.2. Specific Objectives.
2.3.2.1.To identify the causes of teens to engage in drug
abuse at Baloha secondary school.
2.3.2.2.To identify the impacts of drug abuse on acadmic
performance at Baloha secondary school.
2.3.2.3.To suggest the possible solutions toward drug abuse at
Baloha secondary school.
2.4.Research Questions.
2.4.1.
What
causes teens to engage in drug abuse?
2.4.2.
What
are the effects of drug abuse toward academic performance at Baloha secondary
school?
2.4.3.
What
are possible solutions toward drug abuse at Baloha secondary school?
2.5.The significance of the study.
The study expect to generate and add
knowledge on the analysis of Drug abuse and academic performance in secondary
school in Kahama Town as it will be helpful to those stake holders in education
to manage students in schools and hence performance will be raised.
2.6.The scope of the study.
The study will concentrate on the
negative effects of drug abuse toward academic performance at Baloha secondary
school in Kahama Town.
2.7.Limitation of the study.
The investigator expect to face some
challenges which may arise during the research work, these challenges may be of
financial problems, despite the fact that the budget has been set but there
might be occurrence of unexpected events such as money, a researcher may use
more money that are not satisfy, however new alternatives to overcome the new
situation will be taken. Also the allocated time may be short compared to the
task of the provided research.
2.8.Conceptual or theoretical framework of the study.
The researcher will use social
learning theory. The theory which was proposed by Albat Bandula, this theory focus on the meaning
that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one to
another including learning through observation, imitation, and modeling.
According to this title which states that “the effects of drug abuse on
academic performance in secondary school”. It will help the research to use
observation.
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW.
Introduction.
This chapter consists of the causes
of the teens to engage in drug abuse, the effects of drug abuse in academic
performance and the possible solutions of the problem.
The following are the explanations
from different existing literature reviews:
3.0. Causes of teens to engage in
drug abuse.
People start taking drug abuse
because of the various factors as follows;
The feeling of being good; most
abused drugs produce intense feelings of pleasure. This initial sensation of
euphoria is followed by other effects which differ with the type of drug used.
Example with stimulant such as cocaine, the high is followed by feeling of
power, self confidence and increased energy. In contrast the euphoria caused by
opiates such as heroin is followed by feeling of relaxation and satisfaction.
The feeling of being better; some
people who suffer from social anxiety, stress related disorders and depression
begin abusing drugs in attempt to lessen feeling of stress. Stress can play a
major role in beginning drug abuse, continuing drug abuse in patient recovering
from addiction.
The feeling of doing better; the
increase of some people feel to
chemically enhance or improve their athletic or cognitive performance can
similarly play in a role in initial experimentations and continued drug abuse.
To find out what like and to fit in;
the adolescents in particularly are faced with this problem because of the peer
influence from their fellow friends, example to engage in thrilling and daring
behaviors. (Dee., et al 2003)
At the previous time, people thought
that drug abuse are more beneficially to them, they believed that they can
control their use however drugs took quickly of their lives. If drug use
continues, pleasurable activities become less pleasurable and drug abuse
becomes necessary for abusers to simply feel normal. Drug abusers reach a point
where they seek and take drugs, despite the tremendous problems caused by
themselves and their loved ones. Some individuals may start to feel the need to
take the higher or more frequent doses even in the early stages of the drug
use. (Paschall., et al 2003).
The first decision to take drugs is
mostly voluntary. However, when drug abuse takes over, a person’s ability to
exert self control can become seriously impared. Brain imaging studies from
drug-addicted individuals show physical changes in areas of the brain that are
critical to judgment, decision making, learning and memory, and behavior
control. These changes may alter the way the brain works, and may help explain
the compulsive and destructive behaviours of addiction.( Duarte, et al 2006).
As with any other disease,
vulnerability to addiction differs from person to person. In general, the more
risk factors an individual has, the greater the chance that taking drugs will
lead to abuse and addiction. No one think determines whether a person will
become addicted to drugs. The overall risk for addiction is imparted by the
biological make up of the individual-it can even be influenced by gender or
ethnicity, his or her developmental stage, and the surrounding social
environment example, conditions example, conditions at home and at schools.(
Duarte et el 2006)
3.1. Effects of drugs Abuse to the Academic Performance.
Drug abuses among teens and college
students have a detrimental effect on academic performance. Young people are
more susceptible to the short-and long-term cognitive effects of drug abuse
while the social and emotional repercussions further increase risk factors for
problems in school. It is important for parents and students to learn the risks
of drug use and take action as soon as concerns are raised to avoid serious problems
in school. Advanced brain scan imaging has proven that the human brain is not
fully developed at puberty as previously though with maturation occurring as
late as 24 years of age. “While each drug produces different physical effects,
all abused substances share one thing in common: repeated use can alter the way
the brain looks and functions.” Common effects of drug use on the brain that
impact academic learning includes difficulty concentrating, inability to
process information and problems with working memory.
In 2007, “Almost 50 percent of 12th
Graders say that they have used drugs at least once in their lifetime, and 18
percent report using marijuana in the last month. Prescription drug abuse is
high with nearly 1 in 10 high school seniors reporting non-medical use of the
painkiller violin in the past years.”( Dee et
al 2003)
Despite the fact that adolescents
have under –brains lacking the impulse control of adults, education and parent
involvement can reduce a young person’s risk drug abuse and use. Kids who learn
a lot about the risks of drugs and alcohol from their parents are up to 50%
less likely to use than those who do not. Dee, 2003).
3.2. Some possible Solution against Drug Abuse.
If they provide poor quality
supervision to their children including respect to alcohol and drug
consumption, then the empirical association between education and the
consumption of substances would be spurious. In addition, more impatient
children are both more likely to smoke and drink alcohol and procrastinate with
their school working duties. Thus, it is difficult to disentangle the causal
effect of consumption of drugs and alcohol per session educational achievement.
To account for this endogenously problem employs a bivariate probity model to
jointly estimate the determinants of schooling and drinking or smoking
decision. (cook, 1993).
Their result indicates a negatives
causal relationship between alcohol consumption and schooling attendance.
However, this study can be criticized on the grounds that it relies on the
availability of a valid instrument that is a factor has some bearing on the
decision to use alcohol and drug, but that is unrelated to schooling.
Nevertheless, the accuracy of this estimation technique depends on the power
and validity of the instrument. In the former study, binge drinking is
instrumented by minimum legal drinking age. It can be argued that , states
which are more lexis with the legal drinking age and those that are more
restrictively are likely to differ regarding other characteristics which
directly affect high school dropout rates, since control of variables for the
United States are not included in the
analysis.. In the second study the authors try to identify the effects of heavy
drinking on high school dropout. However there is still a reverse causality
problem, since schooling performance mainly relies on students’ ability to
provide regular working effort.( Alexander, et
al 2001).
Therefore the students who engaged in
heavy drinking in a random month of the year, is more likely to drop out than
another students who did not. In addition, it does not solve for the election
bias. An alternatives method designed to correct for the selection on
unobservable propensity to continuously push back further scheduled activities
associated with a disutility to favor short term alternatives activities such
as leisure ones. It attempts to study the effect of alcohol, tobacco. Marijuana
and cocaine use on Educational achievements. (Duarte, et al 2006).
3.3. Synthesis of the literature review.
The literature review discuss about,
the effects of drug abuse to the students on how it affects them, each drug
produces different physical effects, all abused substances share one thing in
common, repeated use can alter the way the brain looks and functions.
Common effects of drug on the brain
that impact the academic learning includes difficulty concentrating inability
to process information and problems with working memory.
3.4. Knowledge gap.
The literature review that has been
reviewed has not shown the clearly and the exactly effects of the drug abuse in
the academic performance of the students in schools, especially statistics of
the students who are using the drugs and those who are not. This has been
caused by the notion that, the students cannot do well in their studies without
taking alcohol and other chemical substances like Hashish, Cocaine and so on.
Due to this fact, the study needs to concentrate by coming up with the best and
solvable alternatives toward the effects of the drug abuse on the academic
performance of the students in Tanzanian schools.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES:
Introduction.
This chapter comprises of Research
design, Area of the study, Population of the study, sampling techniques,
Sampling size, Methods of the Data collection, Questionnaires, Interview,
Observation, Focus Group discussion, and Data analysis Techniques.
4.0. Research design.
During the conducting of the
research, a researcher will use both Quantitative and Qualitative methods, this
is because a Researcher aiming at getting both statistical and descriptive data
toward the existing problem or finding. Due to this, A researcher will be in
position of accumulating more data as intended to solve the problem.
4.1. Area of the study.
The study will be done at Chela ward
in Kahama Shinyanga . Kahama Town is located west Tanzania bordered with
Tabora, Geita and Mwanza regions. Kahama is occupied by various group of people
with different cultural background and tribes such as Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Chagga,
and sumbwa.
The people of Kahama Town are the
great producers of Cotton and Rice crops where they cultivate it. Also the
people of kahama they do engage in various economic activities like Trading of
Agricultural products and trading of Animals like cows and cattle where by the
accumulate wealth for their life improvement. Also kahama is covered with the
potential mineral like Gold which is extracted by the company of Barrick Gold
Mining nominated as Buzwagi Gold Mining.
Therefore, the study will be done at
Baloha secondary school as the case study of the research. This school has been
selected because it seems to posses the most features of the most students to
use drugs at school, and it is easy for the researcher to reach and acquire
data with the low cost compared with other schools like Bulige secondary school
and Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Secondary School.
4.2. Population of the study.
The study will comprise of total
number of two hundred of the whole population. The study will comprise three
groups of people, such as Teachers, Students and other Non academic staffs.
This will be more successful because of the area to be very easily reachable
and accessible.
4.3. Sampling Techniques.
The study will use the Simple random sampling, Systematic random
sampling, Stratified random sampling and convenience sampling, these
techniques will be helpful to the researcher to get the sample of respondents
who will be involved in the study while avoiding bias to all segments, since
the researcher will go directly to the people expected to have data about the
study.
4.4. Sampling Size.
The study will use the sample size of
30% of the whole population which will be included like school Teachers,
Students and other non academic staffs to be involved in the study.
4.5. Method of Data Collection.
Data will be collected by involving
variety of methods in order to get data; such as Questionnaires, Interview,
Observation and Focus group Discussion.
4.6.1. Questionnaires.
The method will be used to collect
data by wanting the respondents to answer the short answers and others to
provide detailed data or information about the study. The aim of using this is
to collect the data from the respondents who live far away from the researcher.
4.6.2. Interview.
The study will use the structured and
unstructured interview to gather information or data of the study from
different respondents. This is because it easy and flexible to cope with the
Environment of the youth in the Chela Ward.
4.6.3. Observation.
The researcher will observe both
direct and indirect about the study because the nature of adolescents, some of
them may not feel well once they realize being observed especially the school
teens like drug abusers. This will enable to collect data simply from the
respondents.
4.6.4. Focus Group Discussion.
The researcher also will use the
focus group discussion in the collection of data because the Researcher will
have a short discussion with the participants who are suspected to have some
data concerning with the study.
4.7. Data Analysis Techniques.
Researcher will analyze data using
different ways such as the use of charts, Questionnaire coding key, Tables,
which help a researcher to researcher to analyze data and to make summary of
the research work, through the use of tallying, also by using pilot study, will
be applied as a researcher will test his tools before data collection.
REFFERENCES.
Alexander, C., Piazza, M. et al (2001). Peers, schools and adolescent cigarette
Smoking. Journal of adolescent Health, 29 (1).
Cook, J.P. and Moore, M.(1993) Drinking and schooling Journal of Health
Economics,12(4), 411-429.
Dee,T.S. and Evans, W.N. (2003). Teen drinking and educational attainment.
Evidence
From two-sample instrumental variables estimates, journal of labor 21(1),
178-209.
Duarte, R., Escario J.J. and Molina,
J.A. (2006). Marijuana consumption and
school
Failure among Spanish students, Economics of Education Review, 25,
472-481.
Paschall,M.J, and Fereisthler, B.
(2003). Does heavy drinking affect
academic
performance in college? Evidence from a prospective study of high school
achievers, in journal of studies on Alcohol 64, 515-519.
This is academic work
ReplyDeletereal and good work @frank
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