Language
is the human
ability to acquire
and use complex
system of communication. Language is any specific
example of such system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.[1]
Language is a
body of words
and the system
for their use
common to people
who are of
the same community
or nation, the same
geographical area or
the same cultural
tradition.
Variation
is the change
of any variant
in a language, it
is recognize as
we have many
different way
s of speaking the same language will recognize speakers with different dialects or accent. Variety refers to any particular way of speaking.[2]
s of speaking the same language will recognize speakers with different dialects or accent. Variety refers to any particular way of speaking.[2]
When
talk about language
variation mostly based
on two categories
terms which are “Dialect”
and “Register”. In this
terms we received
the situation how
language varies from
one aspect to
another depends over
time goes on
to the certain
community which use
the same language.
Dialect
is the variety
of language according
to the users
in terms of
vocabulary items, pronounciation,
orthography and sometimes
the structure of a sentence. There are
various aspects when
dealing with the
dialect, such as:-
Regional
dialect, it brought due
to geographical location for
instance issue of
English language there
dialect from British
and American geographical
area. So this is
differ one another
like those car
carrying goods in
America called “Truck”
while in British
called “Lorry”.
Sociolect
or Social dialect, in
this variety deals
more on the
social status that
includes gender, ethnic group, age
and occupation. In social
differentiation of one sort
to another is
universal underline this
claim is believed
that there are
always differences in
speech community and
that differences collocates
with the existence
of social groups
within community such
as illiterate versus
literate, rich class versus
poor class e.t.c.
Individual
dialect or idiolect
is a way
in which every
speaker has got
his or her
style of speaking.
Register
is a variety
of a language
used for particular
purpose in particular
social setting. Or can be defined
as variety of
language according to
use. It is classified
into several aspects
such as:-
Discourse(media)
is all about
the media or
channel of which
the sender need
to transfer information
to the receiver. Written discourse
is always that
is non spontaneous which
is prepared and
spoken discourse are
spontaneous and it
can be either
prepared or not
prepared.
Province is the area where language operates.
The area
mostly can affect
language use between
sender and receiver.
Status on this we think about age, level of
education, sex, wealth, occupation levels. So
the level of
status can be
a certain way
of communication.
Style is
deliberate choice of
a particular way in spoken
word or written
words for the
purpose articulating information
to meet its
goals.
Language is
closely linked with
the member of
the society in
which is spoken
and social factors
are inevitable reflected
in their speech. Language can be studied as social
phenomenon. This has brought
about language variation
and variation occur
within a specific
speech community that
has interaction with
others and develops, consciously or
not consciously due
to factors such
as:-
Age
differences is also
a factor that
lead into language
variation. Children can use
language differently from
the way adult
are using a
language. For example mostly
of adult people
are using formal language
compared to children
and youth for
instance; youth are interested
in using slang. Slang
is the temporal
language use in
a short time
and later disappears. A good example youth greeting is
differ from adult greeting. When in the
gang of youth
can say “whats
up” while adult
can use “how are
you” which is differ
among these people
in English language. In
Kiswahili language a
child can say
“mma” instead of “maji”
while adult can
say correctly what
he/she wanted.
Social
status involves the
whole range of
factors related to
context between people
from different position
on the social
scale. In this case
the use of
language can be
formal or informal
depending upon the
relationship of the
participants. For instance the
speakers coming from
educated class might
differ from a
speech of un educated
class. Also the villagers
dwellers speaker may
differ from town
speakers dwellers. Example when
a child talk
with his father
he or she can not
say “shikamoo dingi”
instead of “shikamoo
baba” in which
it is proper
way. In English language
for example when
a student talk
with his or her instructor, he or she can
say “sorry Mr. sigala can I have
your pen” while
a student when
borrowing a pen
from his/her fellow
can say “ do you
have two pens”.
Occupation, is the different specialization of labour
such as doctors, lawyers, fisher man.etc. they have
their own language which specialize in their
field like hospital where doctor found
he use instruction when provide a medicine doze by written “panador
tablet 2×2” while in lawyer
side especially in the court we listened
“from the act
no.111 which was made
in 1970 in our country united republic Tanzania especially
under act.9 in line 2.I
will punish you go to jailed
for 3 months”.
Language
also may vary
according to ethnic
group that means
people from different
cultures may be
determined by their
cultural domination. In Kiswahili
language for instance
there are many
people from different
ethnic group such
as chagga, hehe, nyamwezi,
sukuma, ngoni and many
others. Therefore these different
ethnic groups may
be determined by
their speech production
particularly in accent. Example from
Kiswahili language from
Iringa region especially
“hehe people tend
to add the prefix “ga” in production of
the words, they can say “alikwendaga” instead
of alikwenda while
in other region
they tend to
say alikwenda.
Variation
associated with geographical
setting, so the variation
in language based
on geography distribution
and their associated
features. People with the
same language may
use that language
differently concern with
their local area. Based
on geographical location
we look on
regionalism like there
are major dialect
which is British
and American English. This
differ in terms
of pronounciation like
British English use
“t” consonant in
the word end
like water while
in American English
use “r” in
the word water, also
issue of vocabulary
items like British
English use “Lorry”
for those car
carrying goods while
in America English
use “truck”. In Kiswahili
language especially in Tanzania
mainland, we use the
word “mtalo” to mean mfereji
while in
Tanzania island they use the same
word to mean bomba.
Gender is beliefs in
portrayed how men
and women use
language especially in
their gang can
brought variety of
language in same
community which use
same language. As usual
in society always
women use high
pitch when communicate
in their gang
while men use
base pitch on
normal conversation to
their group. A good
example in Kiswahili
language especially in
women gang it
is normal to
listened “halooo” but it
is quite different
from men gang
there is word
like “unazingua jembe”.
Variation in language is inevitable even within the
people who using the same language, this is
because people are naturally difference
in terms of culture background even if all comes from same environment community which use the same
language and remember culture is not static change according to time and one
among component of culture is language it must change depend on time.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Introduction
·
Meaning of language
·
Meaning of variation
·
Concept of language variation based on
two categories
ü Dialect
ü Register
Main Body
·
Factors
for language variation
Conclusion
References
REFERENCES
Agha, A.(2006). Language
and Social Relations .Cambridge University Press.
Chambers,K.(2003). Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and its Social
Significance.
Blackwell.
ISBN 0-631-22882-9.
William, L.(1963). The Social Motivation of Sound Change .Word 19:273-309.
William, G.(1996). A Contemporary Linguistics .Bedford :St.Martin ISBN 0-312-24738-9
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